Bolivians headed to the polls Sunday to choose between two pro-business candidates in presidential elections, ending two decades of socialist rule that have left the beleaguered South American nation deep in economic crisis.
With dollars and fuel in short supply and annual inflation at more than 20 percent, weary voters snubbed the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party founded by former president Evo Morales in a first electoral round in August.
Polling stations began opening at 8:00 am local time (1200 GMT), according to AFP journalists on the ground. They will close at 4:00 pm. Nearly eight million voters are eligible to cast ballots and voting is mandatory.
The election pits economist and senator Rodrigo Paz, 58, against former interim president Jorge Quiroga, 65, an engineer by training.
Either way, the election will close out an economic experiment marked by initial prosperity funded by Morales’s nationalization of gas reserves.
The boom was followed by bust, notably critical shortages of fuel and foreign currency under outgoing leader Luis Arce.
Successive governments under-invested in the country’s hydrocarbons sector, once the backbone of the economy.
Later, production plummeted and Bolivia almost depleted its dollar reserves to sustain a universal subsidy for fuel that it cannot afford to import.
The country of 11.3 million people is facing its worst economic crisis in four decades.
Long queues have become a common sight at gas stations.
“The situation is terrible, we don’t know what’s going to happen. Everything is very expensive… I hope it doesn’t go up more,” Felicidad Flores, a 67-year-old street vendor of incense, told AFP in La Paz.
“We are worse off than before, the lines are longer,” driver Javier Quispe, 40, said at the wheel of his stationary truck in a kilometer-long fuel queue in La Paz.
“There isn’t much hope that things will change,” he shrugged.
– Patience ‘running out’ –
Analyst Daniela Osorio of the German Institute for Global and Area Studies told AFP that Bolivians’ patience was “running out.”
Once the election is over, she warned, “if the winner does not take measures to help the most vulnerable, this could lead to a social uprising.”
Future economic decisions “will have a high social cost,” she added.
Whoever emerges victorious Sunday faces an uphill task, inheriting an economy in recession, according to the World Bank.
To fix the economy, Quiroga has proposed opening to international investment and foreign loans, while Paz supports a “capitalism for all” approach with decentralization, lower taxes and fiscal discipline.
Both say they want to maintain social programs while stabilizing the economy, but economists have said the two things are not possible at the same time.
Quiroga and Paz have both proposed cutting the universal fuel subsidy, keeping it only for public transportation.
Neither man would have a party majority in Congress, meaning they would need to make concessions to have laws passed, said Bolivian sociologist Maria Teresa Zegada.
But she said a bitter campaign marked by “personal attacks” has left “wounds that will be difficult to heal.”
Outside of Congress, either man would face stiff opposition from Morales, who was constitutionally barred from seeking another term but is still a political player.
“Even weakened, Morales remains a factor of potential destabilization,” said Osorio.
Morales is the target of an arrest warrant for human trafficking over an alleged sexual relationship with a minor — an accusation he denies.
Arce is due to leave office on November 8 after serving a single presidential term. Bolivia’s constitution allows for two terms, but he did not seek reelection after taking office in 2020.
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